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local networks

local networks are also called to LAN (Local Area Network). The definition given by these networks' IEEE is:
" a local area network is a communication system that allows a number of independent devices to communicate directly with each other, within an area geographical area of \u200b\u200bmoderate size and a physical channel along at a moderate speed communications .

This definition is actually a little antiquated, because it defines a local type of Peer to Peer ie a network where all machines have the same state, in other words, there is a machine that has control over the others. In fact a local network may also have a hierarchical or centralized control, in which case it is assumed that there is a machine with computing power than the other, which is given control of the communication. The second point of the definition given by the IEEE that specifies the geographical area should have a size not too large. A local network it should not exceed an area of \u200b\u200b5 km and therefore it is usually installed within the same building and buildings close enough to each other. With regard to the Communication
this must be done on a dedicated cable, then owned by the company, not public. The transmission medium allows the exchange of information at relatively high speed, including usually between 10 Mbps and 100 Mbps But now you're saying the use of fiber optic cables, which allow a higher transmission rate to 100 Mbps In addition, most local networks that are within walking distance, can be connected by a backbone (backbone) local, that is a high-speed network.
add that a LAN provides connectivity full-time local services.

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Project The project of a local network

In designing a local network keep in mind that there are two models of network, called a Peer to Peer that other Client-Server .
The model is characterized Peer to Peer a set of PCs, each of which can share their resources, such as Hard Disk, CD-ROM, printer, scanner and so on, with the other computer.
You can therefore work in "local" that is, use only the resources of your computer, or work in "Network", that use shared resources from other stations, though obviously it has access.
This type of network, has several limitations, first of all, the number of stations that can be connected is quite low, but also where the company is quite small and therefore does not require a large number of PCs, keep that if the PC is password protected and the employee who uses it is absent, you can not access shared resources on that PC. Moreover, a proper sharing of resources requires more training for users.
The client-server model provides instead that there is a car with a processing capacity, memory and mass superior to the others. This computer is also called the Master. In extended networks quite close to the main server can provide the machines with specialized functions.

Example:
Some computers may be used for print management, application software, etc. .., in which case they will take the name of Print Server, Application Server, and so on.

All other computers, namely the customers, as well as take advantage of their local resources, all server resources, provided of course that they have permission. In fact, the authorization is assigned to users who are connected, and not the client. Managing Client-Server makes it possible to adequately protect not only all the server resources, but also the local resources of each machine, inhibiting access to particular resources to specific users.


Example:
to protect the server or multiple computers, you can block access to floppy disk or operating system files in order to prevent tampering or infection, but you can also avoid the banal, the desktop is changed.


the different clients can access not only to the server simultaneously, but also to the same resources, working on files and shared printers. If the user data are centralized, that is stored in folders of the server, then you can make a centralized backup, otherwise each user is responsible for backing up their data, which must be run on any PC. The drawback of this system could be a possible server crash. However, the major software house offering to support the primary server network, a controller support, as it were a Server Backup , which comes into operation automatically in case of malfunction of the primary server.

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interconnectors

devices such as interconnection, the Repeaters, Hub's , the Bridge, the Switch and Router systems are capable of addressing, routing and dispatch a message when the number of stations connected to the network, or network traffic is too high. The functions of these devices in a local network are:

Repeater: is used to interconnect LAN segments in order to increase the allowable length of each section.

The symbol used to represent a repeater is shown in the figure.

Hub: is used in networks with a physical star topology. It allows you to connect multiple computers to it.
The Hub in the figure has nine ports, of which the first eight, from left, are used to connect computers, while the ninth, called the uplink, is used to connect to other hubs to expand existing networks . It allows you to connect computers via a RJ-45 connector and UTP or STP.
The symbol used to represent a hub is shown in the figure.

Bridge: is able to interconnect the segments of the same network that use different protocols at the physical level, as it has the ability to filter traffic based on destination address.

The symbol used to represent a bridge is shown in the figure.

Switch: is also known as multiport bridges, as nothing but a series of miniature bridge, so everyone can manage a single switch port. It makes the network more efficient, since it is in whole is able to connect network segments, which each device, and send the data, only the output port on the segment or device that should receive the data, adjusting the network traffic and increasing bandwidth.
The low-end switches, usually 8-port, similar devices are hubs, meaning that once inserted will not need any kind of control.
The Switch "managed" allow, through its own software to analyze traffic, monitor ports, control access and possibly lock up a few. The symbol used to represent a switch is shown in the picture above.

Router: device is a 'smart', able to interpret the logical addresses, and so it is usually used to connect networks that have methods of addressing are not compatible with each other. A router allows you to connect between their local networks with different topology. In the latter case, each network is seen as a sub in the sense that their addresses and various other network.
The symbol used to represent a router is shown in the figure.

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EXERCISE-1: local interconnected networks

In a medium size software house is installed an Ethernet network with bus layout. All employees who are engaged in various jobs working as a team, and share files of any length, sometimes consisting only of some education. As the company expanded, it was decided to open a branch in a location that is only 4 kilometers from the headquarters. E 'therefore been rented the entire floor of a building, which stretches for 19 meters. in width and 60 meters. in length. Together shall be installed 75 PCs. Some project managers must also be followed, using appropriate communication technologies, both those who work in the headquarters of the branch.
The company calls outside consultants to do the analysis and define the new structure the type of network to deploy hardware and software necessary for data transmission between the two locations is extremely safe.

You put in the role of the consultant and is produced:

• analysis of the problem, highlighting in particular:
  1. choices related to the topology of the network;
  2. hardware on the local network
  3. hardware on the connection between the two networks;
  4. any data structures that are deemed necessary;
• readable description of the procedures for transmission and reception of the frames:
  1. on the local network
  2. for the two networks of the same company
• Flow chart high-level management program of a communication network node local
• Specifying texture data that you deem necessary to transmit data to:
  1. a local PC;
  2. to a PC's main office.